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We are investigating various aspects of reactive fluid-flow in the deep crust using two approaches:
1) Empirical studies using geochemistry and mineralogy of metamorphic rocks as recorders of fluid flow.
2) Computer simulations of reactive fluid flow, metamorphic reaction progress, and exchange of oxygen isotopes.
From left to right: Figures showing progressive disappearance of early, regional-metamorphic Mn-rich garnet in the aureole of the Harney Peak Granite in the Black Hills. New Fe-rich, inclusion-poor garnet grew in response to higher temperatures in the granite aureole. Locations of old garnets have typically coarsened quartz and biotite, suggesting fluid-mediated garnet dissolution and growth. Former locations of old garnets are commonly marked by rings of biotite around quartz.
Predicted distribution of index minerals in calc-silicate rocks next to sills on Victoria Island, Arctic Canada, at three different permeabilities of the rocks (Nabelek et al., 2014).
Related Papers
Nabelek, P. I., Labotka, T. C., O'Neil, J. R. and Papike, J. J. (1984) Contrasting fluid/rock interaction between the Notch Peak granitic intrusion and argillites and limestones in Western Utah: Evidence from stable isotopes and phase assemblages. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 86, 25-34.
Nabelek, P. I. (1987) General equations for modeling fluid/rock interaction using trace elements and isotopes. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 51, 1765-1769.
Labotka, T. C., Nabelek, P. I., Papike, J. J., Hover-Granath, V. and Laul, J. C. (1988) Effects of contact metamorphism on the chemistry of the calcareous rocks in the Big Horse limestone, Notch Peak, Utah. American Mineralogist, 73, 1095-1110.
Labotka, T. C., Nabelek, P. I. and Papike, J. J. (1988) Fluid infiltration through the Big Horse Limestone in the Notch Peak contact-metamorphic aureole, Utah. American Mineralogist, 73, 1302-1324
Nabelek, P.I., Denison, J.R., and Glascock, M.D. (1990) Behavior of boron during contact metamorphism of calc-silicate rocks at Notch Peak, Utah. American Mineralogist, 75, 874-880.
Nabelek, P.I. (1991) Stable Isotope Monitors, Reviews in Mineralogy 25, 395-435.
Nabelek, P.I., Labotka, T.C. and Russ-Nabelek, C. (1992) Stable isotope evidence for the role of diffusion, infiltration and local structure on contact metamorphism of calc-silicate rocks at Notch Peak, Utah. Journal of Petrology, 33, 557-583.
Nabelek, P.I. and Labotka, T.C. (1993) Implications of geochemical fronts in the Notch Peak contact metamorphic aureole, Utah, USA. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 119, 539-559.
Bergfeld, D., Nabelek, P.I., and Labotka, T.C. (1996) Carbon isotope exchange during regional polymentamorphism in the Panamint Mountains, California. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 14, 199-212.
Cui, X., Nabelek, P.I., and Liu, M. (2001) Controls of layered and transient permeability on fluid flow and thermal structure in contact metamorphic aureoles, with application to the Notch Peak aureole, Utah. Journal of Geophysical Research, 106, 6477-6491.
Nabelek, P. I. (2002) Calc-silicate reactions and bedding-controlled isotopic exchange in the Notch Peak aureole, Utah: Implications for differential fluid fluxes with metamorphic grade. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 20, 429-440.
Cui, X., Nabelek, P. I. and Liu, M. (2002) Fluid flow and oxygen isotope exchange in the Notch Peak contact metamorphic aureole: Insights from two-dimensional numerical modeling. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 114, 689-882.
Cui, X., Nabelek, P. I. and Liu, M. (2003) Reactive flow of mixed CO2-H2O fluid and progress of calc-silicate reactions in contact metamorphic aureoles: insights from two-dimensional numerical modeling. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 21, 663-664.
Nabelek, P.I., Labotka, T.C., Helms, T., and Wilke, M. (2006) Fluid-mediated polymetamorphism related to Proterozoic collision of Archean Wyoming and Superior provinces in the Black Hills, South Dakota. American Mineralogist, 1473-1487.
Huff, T. A. and Nabelek, P.I. (2007) Production of carbonic fluids during metamorphism of graphitic pelites in a collisional orogen – An assessment from fluid inclusions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta., 71, 4997-5015.
Nabelek, P.I. (2007) Fluid evolution and kinetics of metamorphic reactions in calc-silicate contact aureoles—from H2O to CO2 and back. Geology. 35, 927-930.
Nabelek P.I. (2009) Numerical simulation of kinetically-controlled calc-silicate reactions and fluid flow with transient permeability around crystallizing plutons. Am. J. Science, 309, 517-548.
Nabelek, P.I. and Morgan, S.S. (2012) Metamorphism and fluid flow in the contact aureole of the Eureka Valley-Joshua Flat-Beer Creek Pluton, California. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 124, 228-239.
Nabelek, P.I., Bédard, J.H., Hryciuk, M. and Hayes, B. (2012) Short-duration contact metamorphism of calcareous sedimentary rocks by Neoproterozoic Franklin gabbro sills and dykes on Victoria Island, Canada. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, doi:10.1111/jmg.12015.
Bédard, J.H., Naslund. H.R., Nabelek, P., Winpenny, A., Hryciuk, M., Macdonald, W., Hayes, B., Steigerwaldt, K., Hadlari, T., Rainbird, R., Dewing, K., and Girard, E. (2012) Fault-mediated melt ascent in a Neoproterozoic continental flood basalt province, the Franklin sills, Victoria Island, Canada. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 124,723-736
Nabelek, P.I., and Chen, Y. (2014) The initial garnet-in reaction involving siderite-rhodochrosite, garnet re-equilibration and - - paths of graphitic schists in the Black Hills orogen, South Dakota, USA: Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 32, 133–150.
Nabelek, P.I., Bédard, J.H., and Rainbird, R.H. (2014) Numerical constraints on degassing of metamorphic CO2 during the Neoproterozoic Franklin large igneous event, Arctic Canada: Geological Society of America Bulletin, 126, 759–772.
Lloyd, M.K., Eiler, J.M. and Nabelek, P.I. (2016) Clumped isotope thermometry of calcite and dolomite in a contact metamorphic environment. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 197, 323-344, doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2016.10.037.
Morgan, S.S., Nabelek, P.I., Student, J., and Sadorski, J.F. (2016) Fluid-controlled grain boundary migration and switch in slip systems in a high strain, high temperature contact aureole, California, USA: Tectonophysics v. 676, p, 42–55.
Nabelek, P.I., Stephenson, S.K., Morgan, S.S., and Student, J.J. (2017) Properties of fluids attending variable recrystallization of quartzite during contact metamorphism in the White-Inyo Range, California. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 35, 357-369, doi: 10.1111/jmg.12235.
Nabelek, P.I. (2021) Formation of metasomatic tourmalinites in reduced schists during the Black Hills Orogeny, South Dakota. American Mineralogist, 106, 282-289.
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