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We are investigating granite generation and crystallization processes in several terranes in the United States. In the Black Hills we study processes such as melt generation in the continental crust, the geochemical relationships between protoliths and granites, and the generation of rare-mineral and rare-element pegmatites. In California we study the role of fluxing components in promoting very low temperatures of crystallization of pegmatite melts. We study the crystallization processes through a combination of mineralogy and fluid inclusion analyses by microthermometry to obtain major gas components and by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Emission and Ion Chromatography to obtain the major and trace element compositions in trapped fluids.
Picture on the left in Mt. Rushmore in the Black Hills, looking from the top. It is part of the Harney Peak Granite, which formed during collision of Wyoming and Superior Cratons in the Proterozoic Era. The picture on the top right shows "line rock", a granite in which tourmaline-rich layers (black) crystallized rhythmically from a granite magma. This line rock is from a repeating sequence of line rock-pegmatite layers in the Black Hills. Picture on the bottom right shows rapidly crystallized, bladed tourmaline crystals in a pegmatite dike.
Related Papers
Nabelek, P. I., O'Neil, J. R. and Papike, J. J. (1983) Vapor phase exsolution as a controlling factor in hydrogen isotope variation in granitic magmas: The Notch Peak granitic stock, Utah. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 66, 137-150.
Nabelek, P. I. (1986) Trace element modeling of the petrogenesis of granophyres and aplites in the Notch Peak granitic stock, Utah., American Mineralogist, 71, 460-471.
Nabelek, P. I., Papike, J. J. and Laul, J. C. (1986) The Notch Peak granitic stock, Utah: Origin of reverse zoning and petrogenesis, Journal of Petrology, 27, 1035-1069.
Rockhold, J. R., Nabelek, P. I. and Glascock, M. D. (1987) Origin of rhythmic layering in the Calamity Peak satellite pluton of the Harney Peak Granite, South Dakota: The role of boron. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,, 51, 487-496.
Pallesen, T. J., Nabelek, P. I. and Glascock, M. D. (1988) Compositional and textural zonation in the Silvermine granite, Missouri: The role of liquid fractionation and K metasomatism in the formation of a W-Sn deposit. In: Proc. N. Am. Cont. Tecton. Control Ore Depos., (G. Kisvarsanyi, S. Grant, eds. ), 346-357.
Nabelek, P. I. and Russ-Nabelek, C. (1990) The role of fluorine in the petrogenesis of magmatic segregations in the St. Francois volcano-plutonic terrane, southeastern Missouri. In H. J. Stein and J. L. Hanna, eds., Ore bearing Granite Systems: Petrogenesis and Mineralizing Processes: Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 246, 71-87.
Nabelek, P.I., Russ-Nabelek, C. and Denison, J. R. (1992) The generation and crystallization conditions of the Proterozoic Harney Peak leucogranite, Black Hills, South Dakota, USA: Petrologic and Geochemical Constraints. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 110, 17 3-191.
Nabelek, P.I., Russ-Nabelek, C. and Haeussler, G.T. (1992) Stable isotope evidence for the petrogenesis and fluid evolution in the Proterozoic Harney Peak leucogranite, Black Hills, South Dakota. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 56, 403-417.
Krogstad, E.J., Walker, R.J., Nabelek, P.I. and Russ-Nabelek, C. (1993) Pb isotopic evidence for mixed sources for Proterozoic granites and pegmatites, Black Hills, South Dakota. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 57, 4677-4685.
Nabelek, P.I. and Glascock, M.D. (1995) Rare earth element-depleted leucogranites Black Hills, South Dakota: A consequence of disequilibrium melting of monazite-bearing schists. Journal of Petrology, 36, 1055-1071.
Nabelek, P.I. and Ternes, K. (1997) Fluid inclusions in the Harney Peak Granite, Black Hills, South Dakota, USA: Implications for solubility and evolution of magmatic volatiles and crystallization of leucogranite magmas. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 61, 1447-1465
Nabelek, P.I. (1997) Quartz-sillimanite leucosomes in high-grade schists, Black Hills, South Dakota: A perspective on the mobility of Al in high-grade metamorphic rocks. Geology, 25, 995-998.
Sirbescu, M. and Nabelek, P. I. (1998) Inclusions in the Harney Peak Granite and its associated pegmatites (Black Hills, South Dakota): Implications on geochemical evolution of magmatic fluids in a leucogranite system: PACROFI VII, 64.
Nabelek, P. I. and Bartlett, C. D. (1998) Petrologic and geochemical links between the post-collisional Proterozoic Harney Peak leucogranite, South Dakota, USA, and its source rocks. Lithos, 45, 71-85.
Nabelek, P.I., Bartlett, C., and Glascock, M. (1999) Can trace element distributions in migmatites be used as analogues for granite petrogenesis? Physics and Chemistry of the Earth (A), 24, 295-298.
Nabelek, P.I. (1999)Trace element distribution among rock-forming minerals in Black Hills migmatites, South Dakota: a case for solid-state equilibrium. American Mineralogist, 1256-1269.
Nabelek, P., Sirbescu, M., and Liu, M.(2000) The 1.72 Ga Harney Peak Granite: Culmination of the Trans-Hudson orogeny in the Black Hills, South Dakota. Rocky Mountain Geology, 34, 165-181.
Nabelek, P.I. and Bartlett, C. (2000) Fertility of metapelites and metagraywackes during leucogranite generation: An example from the Black Hills, USA. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 91, 1-14..
Wilke, M., Nabelek, P. I., and Glascock, M. D. (2002) B and Li in metapelites from the Proterozoic Terrane in the Black Hills, South Dakota, USA: Implications for the origin of leucogranitic magmas. American Mineralogist, 87, 491-500.
Sirbescu, M.-L. C. and Nabelek, P.I. (2003) Crystallization conditions and evolution of magmatic fluids in the Harney Peak Granite and associated pegmatites, Black Hills, South Dakota - Evidence from fluid inclusions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 67, 2443-2465.
Sirbescu, M.-L. C. and Nabelek, P.I. (2003) Dawsonite: an inclusion mineral in quartz from the Tin Mountain pegmatite, Black Hills, South Dakota. American Mineralogist, 88, 1055-1060.
Sirbescu, M.-L. C. and Nabelek, P.I. (2003) Crustal melts below 400 C. Geology, 31, 685-688.
Maloney, J.S., Nabelek, P.I., Sirbescu, M.C., and Halama, R. (2008) Lithium and its isotopes in tourmaline as indicators of the crystallization process in the San Diego County pegmatites, California, USA. European Journal of Mineralogy, 20, 905-916.
Kohút, M. and Nabelek, P.I. (2008) Geochemical and isotopic (Sr, Nd and O) constraints on sources of Variscan granites in the Western Carpathians – implications for crustal structure and tectonics. Journal of Geosciences, 53, 307-322.
Van Boening, A.M. and Nabelek, P.I. (2008) Petrogenesis and tectonic implications of Paleoproterozoic mafic rocks in the Black Hills, South Dakota. Precambrian Research, 167, 363-376.
Nabelek, P.I., Whittington, A.G., and Sirbescu, M.C. (2010) The role of H2O in rapid emplacement and crystallization of granite pegmatites: resolving the paradox of large crystals in highly undercooled melts. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 160, 1-13. doi:10.1007/s00410-009-0479-1.
Gammel, E.M. and Nabelek, P.I. ( 2016) Fluid inclusion examination of the transition from magmatic to hydrothermal conditions in pegmatites from San Diego County, California, American Mineralogist, 101, 1906–1915.
Chen, Y. and Nabelek, P.I. (2017) The influences of incremental pluton growth on magma crystallinity and aureole rheology: numerical modeling of growth of the Papoose Flat pluton, California, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 172, 409.
Nabelek, P. I. (2020). Petrogenesis of leucogranites in collisional orogens, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, SP491-2018, doi:10.1144/sp491-2018-181.
Chen, Y., and Nabelek, P.I. (2020) Numerical modeling of dike propagation out of continuously and episodically growing mid‐crustal magma chambers. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, doi:10.1029/2019jb019021
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